Load-bearing orthopaedic implants still fail due to fretting, wear debris, inflammation, and poor long-term osseointegration at the bone–implant interface, leading to costly, painful revision surgeries and reduced patient quality of life. The project develops a gradient biomaterial that combines cast titanium for toughness with an outer Titanium–hydroxyapatite (Ti/HAp) composite layer for osteoconductivity, further enhanced by laser surface texturing (LST) and 2D MXene coatings to simultaneously improve biointegration and biotribology. The scientific aims are to control HAp particle size, morphology, and content through powder metallurgy, create long-range ordered laser textures that increase porosity and guide cells, and embed Ti3C2Tx MXenes to form durable low-wear tribofilms—thus extending implant lifespan while enhancing cytocompatibility and osteoinduction.


